Nathaniel Alexander, Inventor of a Folding Chair

On July 7, 1911, an African-American man named Nathaniel Alexander of Lynchburg, Virginia patented a folding chair. According to his patent, Nathaniel Alexander designed his chair to be used in schools, churches, and other auditoriums. His design included a book rest that was usable for the person sitting in the seat behind and was ideal for church or choir use.​ Fast Facts: Nathaniel Alexander Known For: African-American patent holder for a folding chairBorn: UnknownParents: UnknownDied: UnknownPublished Works: Patent 997,108, filed March 10, 1911, and granted July 4 the same year Little Biographical Data Alexanders invention is found on many lists for black American inventors. However, he has escaped having much biographical information known about him. What can be found confuses him with an early governor of the state of North Carolina, who was not a black American. One says he was born in the early 1800s in North Carolina and died several decades before the date of the patent of the folding chair. Another one, which is written as satire, says he was born the same year as the patent was issued. These seem obviously erroneous. Patent 997108 is the only invention on record for Nathaniel Alexander, but on March 10, 1911, his application was witnessed by two people: James R.L. Diggs and C.A. Lindsay. James R.L. Diggs was a Baptist minister from Baltimore (born in 1865), who was a member of the Niagara Movement, and holder of an MA from Bucknell University and a PhD in Sociology from Illinois Wasleyan in 1906—in fact, Diggs was the first African-American to hold a Sociology Ph.D. in the United States. The Niagara Movement was a black civil rights movement led by W.E.B. DuBois and William Monroe Trotter, who assembled in Niagara Falls, Ontario (American hotels barred blacks), to discuss Jim Crow laws following the Reconstruction. They met annually between 1905 and 1910: in between 1909 and 1918, Diggs corresponded with DuBois about a possible history of the movement, among other things. There may have only been a passing connection between Alexander and Diggs. Foldable Chairs for Churches and Choirs Alexanders folding chair is not the first folding chair patent in the United States. His innovation was that it included a book rest, making it suitable for use in places where the back of one chair could be used as a desk or shelf by the person seated behind. This would certainly be convenient when setting up rows of chairs for choirs, so they could rest music on the chair ahead of each singer, or for churches where a prayer book, hymnal, or Bible could be placed on the reading shelf during the service. Folding chairs allow the space to be used for other purposes when there is not a class or church service. Today, many congregations meet in spaces that used to be large big box stores, supermarkets, or other large, cavernous rooms, Using folding chairs set up only during services, they are able to quickly turn the space into a church. In the early part of the 20th century, congregations likewise might have met outdoors, in warehouses, barns, or other spaces that didnt have fixed seating or pews. Earlier Folding Chair Patents Folding chairs have been in use for thousands of years in many cultures, including ancient Egypt and Rome. They were even commonly used in churches as liturgical furniture in the Middle Ages. Here are some other patents for folding chairs that were granted prior to that of Nathaniel Alexander: M.S. Beach of Brooklyn, New York patented a folding chair for pews, U.S. Patent No. 18377 on October 13, 1857. However, this design appears to be a drop-down seat such as an airplane jump seat rather than a chair you can fold, stack, and store away.J.P.A.  Spaet, W.F. Berry and J.T. Snoddy of Mount Pleasant, Iowa were granted U.S. Patent No. 383255 on May 22,  1888, for a folding chair designed to look much like a regular chair when in use. It could be folded up to be stored away and save space.C. F. Batt patented a folding chair for steamers on June 4, 1889, U.S. Patent No. 404,589. Batts patent notes that he was seeking improvements on longstanding folding chair designs, especially avoiding having a hinge at the side arms that can pinch your fingers when folding or unfolding the chair. Sources Alexander, Nathaniel. Chair. Patent 997108. 1911.Batt, C.F. Folding Chair. Patent 383255. 1888.Beach, M.S. Char. Patent 18377. 1857.Pipkin, James Jefferson. James R.L. Diggs. The Negro in Revelation, in History and in Citizenship: What the Race has Done and is Doing. St. Louis: N.D. Thompson Publishing Company, 1902Spaet, J.P.A., W. F. Berry and J.T. Snoddy. Folding Chair for Steamers. Patent 404,589. 1889.WEB DuBois Correspondence with J.R.L. Diggs, Special Collections, University of Massachusetts at Amherst.

The Challenges For Students Today - 1158 Words

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PubMed contains over 26 million citations from biomedical literature, MEDLINE, books and scientific journals. EBSCO Search Engine When starting at the CSU Global Library’s main page, EBSCO’s first search results cannot be reduced. It is a simple word or topic search, but once a general topic is entered a better defined search can begin. The database allows you to use multiple topic expanders and limiters, therefore, narrowing down the information you are searching. Students can search for full text articles or search forShow MoreRelatedThe Challenges For Students Today1161 Words   |  5 PagesWriting a research paper can be one of the toughest challenges for students today. A huge obstacle to success is locating and navigating different databases and making sure that research sources are credible and scholarly. We are lucky, in that CSU Global Library has given its students access to several different databases, making it easier to navigate vast amounts of information. 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Movie Review What About Bob - 1504 Words

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The Gathering by Anne Enright - Analytical Essay

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Business Structures of Liability Company - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss about the Business Structures of Liability Company. Answer: Introduction John and Stephen Green are brothers and are in the process of forming a limited liability company structure which is meant to propel them to the next business in property market. The inheritance in received from their fathers estate is quite huge to make a limited company which is different from other business structures since it is a legal person on itself according to the law. Limited Liability Company Those interested in developing business in our country are commonly advised by lawyers and notaries in carrying out their activities through a legal person in order to limit their personal responsibility. In that sense, the common thing is to choose to constitute a Corporation, or as it is known Limited Company. The most important characteristic of these figures is that they limit the liability of members only to the amount of contributions made when subscribing the company's capital stock, excluding their personal assets, as they are autonomous and independent of relationships which are carried out by the companies, and therefore, are beyond the reach of creditors and the obligations that the company could have in the development of its business and business activities. Structure The main differences between the Limited Company and the other business structures are mainly in the issue of directors and the representation of social capital4. In that sense, in the Corporation, the governing body is made up of a Board of Directors, establishing the legal obligation of at least a chairman, Secretary and Treasurer, who may be different from the partners3. In addition, the existence of a monitoring body known as the fiscal is necessary. This is the most complex form of association offered by our legal system. As regards the representation of the share capital, in the Corporation this is constituted by shares, which constitute an aliquot portion of the same, while in the Limited Liability Company, the share capital is represented by quotas, which do not can be transferred by endorsement as if actions can be5 . Another difference is that since Limited Liability Companies are more closed than Corporations, there are restrictions on the transferability of quotas, specif ically because the prior and express consent of the other quota holders is required. have a pre-emptive right for their acquisition. Shares and share ownershipIn this business structure, as in all corporations, the share capital is represented in shares that are distributed among the shareholders according to their contribution to the capital stock. These shares, which by their nature are freely transmissible, may be issued in different classes, each class granting rights other than its holders, such as non-voting shares, preferential dividends, etc. In the Company, the ownership of the shares is an aspect that is not public; That is, unless the company authorizes it or is done by judicial order or the law, no one can have access to the identity of the shareholders. In the limited liability company, when a transfer of shares is made, it does not need to be registered in the public registers, but will only be recorded in the Stock Registration Book of the company, which constitutes a private record. The ownership of the shares of the company is public information, therefore the transfer of shares is formalized in a public deed and Public Registers are registered in the item corresponding to the share capital. Formation of Capital and Formation of a company under the new companies Act Under the companys formation Act of 2011, companies formed will adhere to all rules and regulations governing its formation. Authorized. Fixed amount that determines the maximum cap of the company.Subscribed. The part of the authorized capital that the shareholders commit to pay in installments, maximum one (1) year, and at the moment of its constitution must be at least half of the authorized.Paid out. The part of the subscribed capital that the shareholders have actually paid and which has entered the company5.Formation of Capital: The capital is divided into shares or shares of equal value.The capital must be fully paid at the time of incorporation.The transfer of quotas implies a statutory reform.In case of death of a partner, he will continue with his heirs, unless otherwise stipulated.The representation is at the head of all the partners, unless they delegate it to a third party. Responsibility of Members: only respond up to the amount of their contributions; however, in the articles of association, a greater responsibility (nature, amount, duration and type of additional responsibility) may be stipu lated for all or some of the partners, without incurring indefinite or unlimited liability. The exception in the liability in limited companies is solidarity with respect to the labour and tax obligations borne by the company, for which reason the joint assets of each partner will be jointly and severally liable.The directoryBeing a company designed for an organization with a reduced number of partners, the sole proprietorship and partnership does not foresee the existence of a directory in its internal structure. In this way, the limited liability company has only two bodies, the General Meeting of Members and Management. In the case of the company, it is planned to have a board of directors like all public limited companies. However, in view of the fact that its shareholder number is often reduced, the General Companies Law establishes the possibility that the articles of incorporation or bylaws indicate that the company will not have a board of directors, in which case the powers of this body will be assumed by the General Manager. PART 2 Report to Supervising Partner Brothers John and Stephen should put into use the inherited money by forming a company that will be used as a vehicle to purchase land and develop some units. John and Stephen should form a company as the best business structure due to the following reasons7. Why Prefer to Establish a Company When we are faced with the dilemma of deciding what type of business structure it is convenient to analyse what a company is able to do vis a vis the other business structures. Undoubtedly the emergence of the Limited liability company, coincides with the birth of capitalism, which prompted the creation of commercial enterprises for the foundation and operation of which require major capital and limiting the liability of partners to the amount of their contributions8. Without doubt the development of capitalism is achieved through the Limited liability company, which was constituted in its most suitable instrument, especially for allowing the easy transmission of shares representing social capital to third parties, as opposed to the transmission of other type of securities representing the social share of the partner in the capital of a company as is the case in partnerships8 . It is without a doubt the limited liability company is the ideal legal instrument of capitalism; So it is that such economic system would hardly be understood not to have such a legal instrument.A first reason to opt for a Limited liability company and not another, is that the Limited liability company has a legal structure that makes it especially suitable to carry out all types of businesses from small to large, the latter are normally outside the Field of action of individuals or societies of a personality type, who lack the capital to undertake such projects or who do not consider prudent to venture into a company that can fail and lead to ruin9 .Leaving aside the purely economic considerations, we will focus on three purely legal aspects to show brothers John and Stephen why they should opt for a Limited liability company. Capital divided in shares. That the share capital of Limited liability companys be represented by shares, eminently negotiable documents, allows shareholders to freely dispose of them and receive in exchange as price the value of the stock at that time. In case one of the brothers want to leave the company, it is easy to do so by selling of his shares 9. It also allows the entry of new members either because they acquire shares transferred by the previous owners or because they subscribe new ones that are issued as a consequence of subsequent capital increases, this makes the person of the partner has a secondary importance unlike the partnerships , Since what really matters in the Limited liability company is the Social Capital. Limited responsibility of the partners. The brothers John and Stephen only respond to the payment of their contributions that they make at the time of subscribing their shares10. This note allows the partners to limit the risk they incur when entering the company to the amount of their contributions and that their equity is exempt from chance. It is very important to create an inherent wealth for the limited liability company, independent of its partners. The formation of social assets can ensure and protect the rights of shareholders and creditors, they must be sure that the assets of the company and of its shareholders can not be confused, otherwise it would affect the security of creditors And shareholders .Having a separate, well-controlled and monitored heritage is often more important than the liability of partners based on their personal assets10. The main advantage is the limitation of the responsibility of the partners, due to the debts contracted by the company will only respond with what is contributed as social capital and not with their personal assets. This is one of the reasons why many people prefer to set up as a limited company to avoid losing everything if the project does not go forward. Third parties as administrators. The administrators of the Limited liability company may be persons outside the partners, which allows, on the one hand, to organize the administration with technicians specialized in social activities and who are outside the particular interests of the partners and therefore dedicate themselves to the achievement Of the social ends and therefore will prevail the social interests on the particular interests of the partners. John and Stephen can choose to employ other people who will take up the management of the company. According to the Law of Capital Companies, the limited company is characterized by one or more partners, who may be natural or legal persons (other companies), whose capital is formed by the contributions of the partners. There is a minimum capital that is required in order to start a limited liability company. The share capital is constituted by social shares (the equivalent of shares in the Limited liability company) that are transferable, meaning that if a partner wishes not to continue with the project can sell its shares to other partners or a third party. Disadvantages include that the company o entails certain expenses. In the sale of shares, limitations can be established for their acquisition by third parties. This is at the same time an advantage for partners who do not want a strange person to enter the company, proceeding to preferential purchase of the shares of the partner who wishes to leave the company. Recommendation When choosing a business structure, it is important to note the pros and cons of any structure in relation to other structures. In this case, John and Stephen have choosen a limited liability company due to its advantages of acting as a legal person11. A company has its own assets and liabilities and can be sued like any other legal person. It is the best business structure if the brothers want an autonomous and independent business. It is important to note that although a company is designed for the future and after the $3 million inheritance, they will bequith the company to their kins. Explanation for Recommendation A limited liability company has so many advantages unlike other business structures like sole proprietorship and partnerships. In a Limited Liability Company one is more likely to get financing loans than when self-employed12. It is a relative advantage because in practice it is equally difficult, and it is usual for entities to require the creation of guarantees or personal guarantees to members, . The partner also considers his / her personal wealth for a debt of the company. It can be constituted by a single partner, because there is not a minimum of partners to constitute this type of society. References Clayton, Patricia,Forming A Limited Company(Kogan Page, 2008) Dignam, Alan J and John P Lowry,Company Law(Oxford University Press, 2016) Feld, Brad and Amy Batchelor,Startup Life(J. Wiley Sons, 2013) Gallos, Joan V,Business Leadership(John Wiley Sons, 2014) Gopal, Namita,Business Communication(New Age International, 2009) Hannigan, Brenda M,Company Law(Oxford University Press, 2016) Jasper, Margaret C,How To Form A Limited Liability Company(Oceana, 2007) Mancuso, Anthony,Form Your Own Limited Liability Company(Ingram Pub Services, 2017) Martin, Alson R,Limited Liability Company Partnership Answer Book(Aspen Publishers, 2010) Reichheld, Frederick F and Rob Markey,The Ultimate Question 2.0(Harvard Business Press, 2011) Salaman, Graeme,Understanding Business(Routledge in association with the Open University, 2001) Reichheld, Frederick F and Rob Markey,The Ultimate Question 2.0(Harvard Business Press, 2011) Salaman, Graeme,Understanding Business(Routledge in association with the Open University, 2001) Shenkman, Martin M, Samuel Weiner and Ivan Taback,Starting A Limited Liability Company(Wiley, 2003) Shepherd, Chris and Ann Ridley,Company Law(Taylor and Francis, 2015) Tesmer, Jack A,Your Perfect Business Match(Career Press, 2002) [1] Clayton, Patricia,Forming A Limited Company(Kogan Page, 2008) 2Dignam, Alan J and John P Lowry,Company Law(Oxford University Press, 2016) [3] Feld, Brad and Amy Batchelor,Startup Life(J. Wiley Sons, 2013) 4Gallos, Joan V,Business Leadership(John Wiley Sons, 2014) 5Gopal, Namita,Business Communication(New Age International, 2009) 5Gopal, Namita,Business Communication(New Age International, 2009) 6Hannigan, Brenda M,Company Law(Oxford University Press, 2016) [5] Hannigan, Brenda M,Company Law(Oxford University Press, 2016) [6] Mancuso, Anthony,Form Your Own Limited Liability Company(Ingram Pub Services, 2017) 7Martin, Alson R,Limited Liability Company Partnership Answer Book(Aspen Publishers, 2010) [7] Martin, Alson R,Limited Liability Company Partnership Answer Book(Aspen Publishers, 2010) 8Reichheld, Frederick F and Rob Markey,The Ultimate Question 2.0(Harvard Business Press, 2011) [8] Reichheld, Frederick F and Rob Markey,The Ultimate Question 2.0(Harvard Business Press, 2011) 9Salaman, Graeme,Understanding Business(Routledge in association with the Open University, 2001) [9] Shenkman, Martin M, Samuel Weiner and Ivan Taback,Starting A Limited Liability Company(Wiley, 2003) [10] Shepherd, Chris and Ann Ridley,Company Law(Taylor and Francis, 2015) [11] Tesmer, Jack A,Your Perfect Business Match(Career Press, 2002)

Partnerships in the Promotion of Child Development in the UK free essay sample

A study of theories on child development with specific reference to the UK. This paper examines the changing relationships between parents, children and the professionals involved in child development through the education system in the UK and England in particular. The paper includes an overview of theories of child development, current policy and interviews with a head teacher, an LEA officer and a mother who home-schooled. Education policy through the 20th century and into the 21st has been influenced by figures including Freud, John Bowlby, Jean Piaget and BF Skinner to name but a few. In the post-war era, John Bowlby focused on the bond between children and their mothers as the prime relationship influencing healthy development. Bowlbys views were highly regarded in his time a 1951 World Health Organization (WHO) committee described him as a wise man for example, and based on his research said that placing children in day care could lead to permanent damage to the emotional health of the future generation through separation from their mothers (cited in Davenport, 1994). We will write a custom essay sample on Partnerships in the Promotion of Child Development in the UK or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Bowlbys work could also be seen as having an influence on social policy, since the 1940s saw the provision of welfare benefits for instance to encourage mothers to stay at home with their children.